HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS.	805


duced against him face to face : to pro-
duce witnesses and proofs in his own 
favor ; and by himself, or his counsel, at 
his election, to examine the witnesses pro-
duced by himself, and cross-examine those 
produced against him7 and to be fully 
heard in his defence. Ill all cases in 
which the right of trial by jury has been 
heretofore used, it shall be hold 
inviolable forever, except in actions of 
debt or assumpsit in which the amount 
claimed is less than fifty dollars.
ARTICLE 8. No person shall be required to 
answer again for any offence of which he 
has been duly convicted, or of which he 
has been duly acquitted upon a good and 
sufficient indictment.
ARTICLE 9. No person shall be compelled, 
in any criminal case, to be a wit-news 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property without due process of 
law.
ARTICLE 10. No person shall sit as a 
judge or juror, in any case in which his 
relative is interested, cither as plaintiff' 
or defendant, or in the issue of which 
the said judge or juror may have, either 
directly or through a relative, any pecu-
niary interest.
o ARTICLE 11. Involuntary servitude, except 
for crime, is forever prohibited in this 
Kingdom; whenever a slave shall enter 
Hawaiian territory he shall be free.
ARTICLE 12. Every person has the right to 
be secure from all unreasonable searches and 
seizures of his person, his house, his 
papers, and effects; and no warrants shall 
issue, but on probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and describing the 
place to be searched and the persons or 
things to be seized.
ARTICLE 13. The King conducts his 
Government for the common good, and 
not for the profit, honor, or private 
interest of any one man, family, or class 
of men among his subjects.
ARTICLE 14. Each member of society has 
a right to be protected by it, in the 
enjoyment of his life, liberty, and prop-
erty, according to law; and, therefore, he 
stall be obliged to contribute his pro-
portional share to the expense of this 
protection, and to give his personal 
services, or an equivalent when neces-
sary; but no part of the property of any 
individual shall be taken from him or 
applied to public uses without his own 
consent or the enactment of the legisla-
tive assembly, except the same shall be 
necessary for the military operations of 
the Kingdom in time of war or insurrec-
tion ; and whenever the public exigencies 
may require that the property of any 
individual should be appropriated to 
public uses he shall receive a reasonable 
compensation therefor.
ARTICLE 15. No subsidy, duty, or tax of 
any description shall be established or 
levied without the consent of the legis-


against him face to face; to produce 
witnesses and proof in his Own favor ; 
and by himself or his counsel, at his 
election, to examine the witnesses 
produced by himself, and cross-examine 
those produced against him, and to be 
fully heard in his own defence. In all 
cases in which the right of trial by jury 
has been heretofore used, it shall be 
held inviolable forever, except in 
actions of debt or assumpsit in which 
the amount claimed is less than fifty 
dollars.
ARTICLE 8. No person shall be required to 
answer again for an offense of which he 
has been duly convicted, or of which he 
has been duly acquitted.
ARTICLE 9. No person shall be com-
pelled, in any criminal case, to be a wit-
ness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due 
process of law.
ARTICLE 10. No person shall sit as a 
judge or juror, in any case in which his 
relative, by affinity, or by consanguinity 
within the third degree, is interested, 
either as plaintiff or defendant, or in the 
issue of which the said judge or juror 
may have, either directly or through such 
relative, any pecuniary interest.
ARTICLE 11. Involuntary servitude, ex-
cept for crime, is forever prohibited in 
this Kingdom. Whenever a slave shall 
enter Hawaiian territory he shall be free.
ARTICLE 12. Every person has the right to 
be secure from all unreasonable searches 
and seizures of his person, his house, his 
papers, and effects; and no warrants 
shall issue, except on probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and 
describing the place to be searched and 
the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE 13. The Government is con-
ducted for the common good, and not for 
the profit, honor, or private interest of 
any one man, family, or class of men.
ARTICLE 14. Each member of society 
has a right to be protected in the enjoy-
ment of his life, liberty, and property, 
according to law; and, therefore, lie shall 
be obliged to contribute his proportional 
share to the expense of this protection, 
and to give his personal services, or 
an equivalent, when necessary. Private 
property may be taken for public use, 
but only upon due process of law and 
just compensation.	

ARTICLE 15. No subsidy, duty, or tax of 
any description shall be established or 
levied without the consent of the Leg-

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